Publications

Recent Publications

Lyndgaard, S. F., Storey, R. A. & Kanfer, R. (2024). Technological support for lifelong learning: The application of a multi-level, person-centric framework. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 153, Article 104027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2024.104027 (click here for open access until Sep. 12 2024)

Kanfer, R., Lyndgaard, S. F., & Tatel, C. E. (in press). Advances and challenges in work motivation: A whole-person perspective. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.) Advances in Motivational Science.

Lyndgaard, S. F., Tatel, C. E., Pham, V., Melkers, J. E., & Kanfer, R. (in press). Towards a multidimensional measure of self-efficacy in the adult learning ecosystem. International Journal of Lifelong Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2024.2369895

Lyndgaard, S. F., & Kanfer, R. (2024). Interpersonal, intrapersonal, and cognitive tactics: A thematic analysis of adults’ 21st century learning management. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 33(1), 175-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508406.2024.2303777

Chen, G., & Kanfer, R. (2024). The future of motivation in and of teams. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 11, 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-111821-031621

van Woerkom, M., Kooij, D., & Kanfer, R. (2023). Growth motives and learning behaviors among older workers: Toward a more comprehensive assessment. Human Resource Development Review, 22(4), 524-553. https://doi.org/10.1177/15344843231199129 

Ackerman, P. L., & Tatel, C. E. (2023). Resolving problems with the skill retention literature: An empirical demonstration and recommendations for researchers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000503

Ackerman, P. L. (2023). Intelligence … moving beyond the lowest common denominator. American Psychologist, 78(3), 283–297. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001057

Ackerman, P. L. (2023). Knowledge and intelligence: Reply to Oswald et al. (2023) and Sternberg (2023). American Psychologist, 78(3), 303–304. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001137

Larson, L. E., Harris-Watson, A., Carter, D., Asencio, R., DeChurch, L., Kanfer, R., & Zaccaro, S. J. (2023). Staying apart to work better together: Team structure in cross-functional teams. Academy of Management Discoveries. https://doi.org/10.5465/amd.2020.0238 

Ackerman, P. L. (2022). Intelligence process vs. content and academic performance: A trip through a house of mirrors. Journal of Intelligence, 10(4), 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence10040128 

Beier, M. E., Kanfer, R., Kooij, D. T., & Truxillo, D. M. (2022). What’s age got to do with it? A Primer and review of the Workplace Aging Literature. Personnel Psychology, 75(4), 779–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12544 

Kooij, D. T., & Kanfer, R. (2022). Age and Job Crafting: How and Why do Employees of Different Ages Craft Their Job?. In H. Zacher & C. W. Rudolph (Eds.), Age and Work: Advances in Theory, Methods, and Practice (pp. 241-258). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003089674

Tidler, Z. R., Tatel, C. E., & Ackerman, P. L. (2022, September). The Internet and Manuals: A Use-Oriented Study of the Acquisition of Novel Procedural Knowledge. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 1834-1838). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661354 

Tatel, C. E., Lyndgaard, S. F., Kanfer, R., & Melkers, J. E. (2022). Learning while working: Course enrollment behavior as a macro-level indicator of learning management among adult learners. Journal of Learning Analytics, 9(3), 104-124. https://doi.org/10.18608/jla.2022.7625 

Tatel, C. E., Tidler, Z. R., & Ackerman, P. L. (2022). Process differences as a function of test modifications: Construct validity of Raven’s advanced progressive matrices under standard, abbreviated and/or speeded conditions–A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 90, 101604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2021.101604 

Lyndgaard, S. F., Tidler, Z. R., Provine, L., & Varma, S. (2022). Catastrophic interference in neural network models is mitigated when the training data reflect a power-law environmental structure. In J. Culbertson, A. Perfors, H. Rabagliati & V. Ramenzoni (Eds.), Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2634 – 2641). Toronto, CA: Cognitive Science Society.

Lyndgaard, S. F., Tatel, C. E., Kanfer, R., Melkers, J. E., & Sabree, J. C. (2022). Hidden costs: COVID-19’s disproportionate impact on underrepresented groups in graduate computing education. Computer-Based Learning in Context, 4(1), 16-37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6616493 

van Hooft, E. A., Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Wanberg, C. R., Kanfer, R., & Basbug, G. (2021). Job search and employment success: A quantitative review and future research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(5), 674–713. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000675 

Ackerman, P. L. (2021).  A long ‘intellectual’ journey.  In D. Dai & R. J. Sternberg (Eds).  Scientific inquiry into human potential: Historical and contemporary perspective across disciplines (pp. 16-28).  Routledge..

Ackerman, P. L. (2021).  Abilities & skills:  assessing humans and artificial intelligence/robotics systems.  In AI and the Future of Skills, Volume 1: Capabilities and assessments, Educational Research and Innovation (pp. 150-159). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/5ee71f34-en 

Ackerman, P. L. (2021). Commentary: The future of college admissions tests. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 40(4), 38–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/emip.12456

Ackerman, P. L. (2021).  Review of Beta-4.  In J. F. Carlson, K. F. Geisinger, & J. L. Jonson (Eds.) The twenty-first mental measurements yearbook (91-93).  Buros Center for Testing, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Ackerman, P. L. (2021).  Review of NIH Toolbox-Motor Domain.  In J. F. Carlson, K. F. Geisinger, & J. L. Jonson (Eds.) The twenty-first mental measurements yearbook (481-483).  Buros Center for Testing, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Ackerman, P. L., & Hambrick, D. Z. (2020). A primer on assessing intelligence in laboratory studies. Intelligence, 80, Article 101440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2020.101440

Ackerman, P. L. (2020). Intelligence and expertise. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence (2nd Edition, pp. 1159-1176). Cambridge University Press.

Ackerman, P. L., Tatel, C. E., & Lyndgaard, S. F. (2020). Subjective (dis)utility of effort: Mentally and physically demanding tasks. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5, Article 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00226-5

Kanfer, R., Lyndgaard, S. F., & Tatel, C. E, (2020). For whom the pandemic tolls: A person-centric analysis of older workers. Work, Aging, and Retirement, 6(4), 238-241. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waaa014 

Lim, L., Kanfer, R., Stroebel, R. J., & Zimring, C. M. (2020). The representational function of clinic design: Staff and patient perceptions of teamwork. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 14(2), 254–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586720957074 

Lim, L., Kanfer, R., Stroebel, R. J., & Zimring, C. M. (2020). Beyond co-location: Visual connections of staff workstations and staff communication in Primary Care Clinics. Environment and Behavior, 54(1), 3–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916520950270 

Fletcher, K. A., Kanfer, R., & Tatel, C. (2020). Workplace emotions and motivation: Toward a unified approach. In L. Yang, R. Cropanzano, C. S. Daus, & V. Martínez-Tur (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Workplace Affect (pp. 52-64). Cambridge University Press.

Kim, S., Irizarry, J., & Kanfer, R. (2020). Multilevel goal model for decision-making in UAS visual inspections in construction and infrastructure projects. Journal of Management in Engineering, 36(4), 04020036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000803 

Lim, L., Kanfer, R., Stroebel, R. J., & Zimring, C. M. (2020). Backstage staff communication: The effects of different levels of visual exposure to patients. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 13(3), 54-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586719888903 

Ackerman, P. L., & Kanfer, R. (2020). Work in the 21st century: New directions for aging and adult development. American Psychologist, 75(4), 486–498. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000615

Larson, L. E., Harris, A. M., Asencio, R., Carter, D. R., DeChurch, L. A., Kanfer, R., & Zaccaro, S. J. (2020). Cross-disciplinary team design, communication overload, and innovation. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2020, No. 1, p. 21054). Academy of Management. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2020.21054abstract 

Kanfer, R., & Fletcher, K. A. (2020). Work motivation and employment goals in later adulthood. In S. Czaja, J. Sharit, & J. James (Eds.), Current and emerging trends in aging and work (pp. 219-241). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24135-3_11 

Calderwood, C., & Ackerman, P. L. (2019). Modeling intraindividual variation in unsafe driving in a naturalistic commuting environment. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 24(4), 423–437. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000127

Kanfer, R., & Blivin, J. (2019). Prospects and pitfalls in building the future workforce. In F. Oswald, T. S. Behrend, & L. Foster (Eds.), Workforce Readiness and the Future of Work (pp. 251-259). Routledge.

Carter, D. R., Asencio, R., Trainer, H. M., DeChurch, L. A., Kanfer, R., & Zaccaro, S. J. (2019). Best Practices for Researchers Working in Multiteam Systems. In K. Hall, A. Vogel, & R. Croyle (Eds.), Strategies for Team Science Success: Handbook of Evidence-Based Principles for Cross-Disciplinary Science and Practical Lessons Learned from Health Researchers (pp. 391-400). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20992-6_29 

Kooij, D. T. A. M., & Kanfer, R. (2019). Lifespan perspectives on work motivation. In B. B. Baltes, C. W. Rudolph, & H. Zacher (Eds.), Work across the lifespan (pp. 475–493). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812756-8.00020-7

Ackerman, P. L. (2018). The search for personality-intelligence relations: methodological and conceptual issues. Journal of Intelligence, 6(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence6010002 

Ackerman, P. L. (2018). Mind-personality relations: Comment on Demetriou et al. (2018). Journal of Intelligence, 6(52), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence6040052 

Ackerman, P. L. (2018). Intelligence as potentiality and actuality. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), The Nature of Human Intelligence (pp. 1-14). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316817049.002 

Ackerman, P. L. (2018). Intelligence‑as‑process, personality, interests, and intelligence‑as‑knowledge: A framework for adult intellectual development. In D. P. Flanagan & E. M. McDonough (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues (pp. 225–241). The Guilford Press.

Ackerman, P. L. (2018). Aptitude Tests. In B. B. Frey (Ed.). SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation (pp. 111-114).  Sage. (This is an adapted version of Ackerman, 2007.)

Ackerman, P. L. (2018). Expertise: Individual differences, human abilities, and nonability traits. In S. I. Pfeiffer, E. Shaunessy-Dedrick, & M. Foley-Nicpon (Eds.), APA handbook of giftedness and talent (pp. 259–272). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000038-017

Ackerman, P. L., & Beier, M. E. (2018). Methods for studying the structure of expertise: Psychometric approaches. In K. A. Ericsson, R. R. Hoffman, A. Kozbelt, & A. M. Williams (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 213–232). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316480748.013

Ackerman, P. L., & Lakin, J. M. (2018). Expertise and individual differences. In S. Pfeiffer (Ed.) Handbook of Giftedness in Children: Psycho-Educational Theory, Research and Best Practices (pp. 65-80). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77004-8_5 

Beier, M. E., LoPilato, A. C., & Kanfer, R. (2018). Successful motivational aging at work: Antecedents and retirement-related outcomes. Work, Aging and Retirement, 4(2), 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/wax034 

Kanfer, R., & Bufton, G. M. (2018). Job loss and job search: A social-cognitive and self-regulation perspective. In U. Klehe, & E. van Hooft (Eds.) The Oxford handbook of job loss and job search (pp. 143-158). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.001.0001 

Kooij, D. T. A. M., Kanfer, R., Betts, M., & Rudolph, C. W. (2018). Future time perspective: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(8), 867–893. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000306

Ackerman, P. L. (2017). Adult intelligence: The construct and the criterion problem. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 987–998. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617703437

Heckhausen, J., Shane, J., & Kanfer, R. (2017). Competence and motivation at work throughout adulthood: Making the most of changing capacities and opportunities. In A. J. Elliot, C. S. Dweck, & D. S. Yeager (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation: Theory and application (pp. 449–470). The Guilford Press.

Kanfer, R., Frese, M., & Johnson, R. E. (2017). Motivation related to work: A century of progress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 338–355. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000133

Selected Books

Additional Selected Publications

Ackerman, P. L. (2016). Process overlap and g do not adequately account for a general factor of intelligence. Psychological Inquiry, 27(3), 178–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2016.1158087

Ackerman, P. L., & Ellingsen, V. J. (2016). Speed and accuracy indicators of test performance under different instructional conditions: Intelligence correlates. Intelligence, 56, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2016.02.004

Calderwood, C., & Ackerman, P. L. (2016). The relative salience of daily and enduring influences on off-job reactions to work stress. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 32(5), 587–596. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2665

Ellingsen, V. J, & Ackerman, P. L. (2016). Cross-sectional designs. In Encyclopedia of Adulthood and Aging (pp. 1-4). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118521373.wbeaa021 

Ellingsen, V. J, & Ackerman, P. L. (2016). Fluid-crystallized theory of intelligence. In Encyclopedia of Adulthood and Aging (pp. 1-5). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118521373.wbeaa022 

Jipp, M., & Ackerman, P. L. (2016).  The impact of higher levels of automation on performance and situation awareness:  A function of information-processing ability and working-memory capacity.  Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 10(2), 138-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555343416637517

Kanfer, R., & Chen, G. (2016). Motivation in organizational behavior: History, advances and prospects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 136, 6–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.06.002

Wanberg, C. R., Kanfer, R., Hamann, D. J., & Zhang, Z. (2016). Age and reemployment success after job loss: An integrative model and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 142(4), 400–426. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000019

Kooij, D. T. A. M., Tims, M., & Kanfer, R. (2015). Successful aging at work: The role of job crafting. In P. M. Bal, D. T. A. M. Kooij, & D. M. Rousseau (Eds.), Aging workers and the employee-employer relationship (pp. 145–161). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08007-9_9

Ackerman, P. L. (2014). Facts are stubborn things. Intelligence, 45, 104–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.01.002

Ackerman, P. L. (2014). Nonsense, common sense, and science of expert performance: Talent and individual differences. Intelligence, 45, 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.04.009

Kooij, D. T. A. M., Bal, P. M., & Kanfer, R. (2014). Future time perspective and promotion focus as determinants of intraindividual change in work motivation. Psychology and Aging, 29(2), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036768

Ackerman, P. L., Kanfer, R., & Beier, M. E. (2013). Trait complex, cognitive ability, and domain knowledge predictors of baccalaureate success, STEM persistence, and gender differences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 911–927. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032338

Kanfer, R., Beier, M. E., & Ackerman, P. L. (2013). Goals and motivation related to work in later adulthood: An organizing framework. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(3), 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.734298

von Stumm, S., & Ackerman, P. L. (2013). Investment and intellect: A review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 139(4), 841–869. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030746

Kanfer, R. (2012). Work motivation: Theory, practice, and future directions. In S. W. J. Kozlowski (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of organizational psychology, Vol. 1, pp. 455–495). Oxford University Press.

Toker, Y., & Ackerman, P. L. (2012). Utilizing occupational complexity levels in vocational interest assessments: Assessing interests for STEM areas. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 524–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.09.001

Ackerman, P. L., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2011). Trait complexes and academic achievement: Old and new ways of examining personality in educational contexts. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(1), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709910X522564

Kooij, D. T. A. M., de Lange, A. H., Jansen, P. G. W., Kanfer, R., & Dikkers, J. S. E. (2011). Age and work-related motives: Results of a meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(2), 197–225. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.665

von Stumm, S., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Ackerman, P. L. (2011). Re-visiting intelligence-personality associations: Vindicating intellectual investment. In T. Chamorro-Premuzic, S. von Stumm, & A. Furnham (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of individual differences (pp. 217–241). Wiley Blackwell.

Ackerman, P. L., & Kanfer, R. (2009). Test length and cognitive fatigue: An empirical examination of effects on performance and test-taker reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 15(2), 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015719

Chen, G., Kanfer, R., DeShon, R. P., Mathieu, J. E., & Kozlowski, S. W.J. (2009). The motivating potential of teams: Test and extension of Chen and Kanfer’s (2006) cross-level model of motivation in teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 110(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.06.006

Ackerman, P. L. (2008). Knowledge and cognitive aging. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (pp. 445–489). Psychology Press.

Wegge, J., Roth, C., Neubach, B., Schmidt, K.-H., & Kanfer, R. (2008). Age and gender diversity as determinants of performance and health in a public organization: The role of task complexity and group size. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1301–1313. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012680

Kanfer, R., Chen, G., & Pritchard, R. D. (2008). The three C’s of work motivation: Content, context, and change. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. D. Pritchard (Eds.), Work motivation: Past, present, and future (pp. 1–16). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203809501

Ackerman, P. L., & Wolman, S. D. (2007). Determinants and validity of self-estimates of abilities and self-concept measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 13(2), 57–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.13.2.57

Chen, G., Kirkman, B. L., Kanfer, R., Allen, D., & Rosen, B. (2007). A multilevel study of leadership, empowerment, and performance in teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 331–346. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.331

Chen, G., & Kanfer, R. (2006). Toward a systems theory of motivated behavior in work teams. Research in Organizational Behavior, 27, 223-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(06)27006-0 

Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E., & Boyle, M. O. (2005). Working memory and intelligence: The same or different constructs? Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 30–60. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.30

Beier, M. E., & Ackerman, P. L. (2005). Age, ability, and the role of prior knowledge on the acquisition of new domain knowledge: Promising results in a real-world learning environment. Psychology and Aging, 20(2), 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.2.341

Morris, M. G., Venkatesh, V., & Ackerman, P. L. (2005). Gender and age differences in employee decisions about new technology: An extension to the theory of planned behavior. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 52(1), 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2004.839967 

Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. L. (2004). Aging, Adult Development, and Work Motivation. The Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 440–458. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159053

Franco, L. M., Bennett, S., Kanfer, R., & Stubblebine, P. (2004). Determinants and consequences of health worker motivation in hospitals in Jordan and Georgia. Social Science & Medicine, 58(2), 343–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00203-X

Beier, M. E., & Ackerman, P. L. (2003). Determinants of health knowledge: An investigation of age, gender, abilities, personality, and interests. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 439–448. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.439

Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E., & Bowen, K. R. (2002). What we really know about our abilities and our knowledge. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(4), 587–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00174-X

Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E., & Boyle, M. D. (2002). Individual differences in working memory within a nomological network of cognitive and perceptual speed abilities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131(4), 567–589. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.131.4.567

Franco, L. M., Bennett, S., & Kanfer, R. (2002). Health sector reform and public sector health worker motivation: A conceptual framework. Social Science & Medicine, 54(8), 1255–1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00094-6

Lord, R. G., & Kanfer, R. (2002). Emotions and organizational behavior. In R.G. Lord, R.J. Klimoski and R. Kanfer (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior (pp. 5-19). Jossey Bass.

Ackerman, P. L., Bowen, K. R., Beier, M. E., & Kanfer, R. (2001). Determinants of individual differences and gender differences in knowledge. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(4), 797–825. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.93.4.797

Kanfer, R., Wanberg, C. R., & Kantrowitz, T. M. (2001). Job search and employment: A personality–motivational analysis and meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 837–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.837

Ackerman, P. L. (2000). Domain-specific knowledge as the “dark matter” of adult intelligence: Gf/Gc, personality and interest correlates. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55(2), P69–P84. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/55.2.P69

Ackerman, P. L., & Cianciolo, A. T. (2000). Cognitive, perceptual-speed, and psychomotor determinants of individual differences during skill acquisition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 6(4), 259–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.6.4.259

Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., & Ackerman, P. L. (2000). A longitudinal field investigation of gender differences in individual technology adoption decision-making processes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 83(1), 33–60. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2000.2896

Wanberg, C. R., Kanfer, R., & Banas, J. T. (2000). Predictors and outcomes of networking intensity among unemployed job seekers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(4), 491–503. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.4.491

Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. L. (2000). Individual differences in work motivation: Further explorations of a trait framework. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49(3), 470–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00026

Heggestad, E. D., & Kanfer, R. (2000). Individual differences in trait motivation: Development of the Motivational Trait Questionnaire. International Journal of Educational Research, 33, 751–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-0355(00)00049-5

Ackerman, P. L., & Rolfhus, E. L. (1999). The locus of adult intelligence: Knowledge, abilities, and nonability traits. Psychology and Aging, 14(2), 314–330. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.14.2.314

Rolfhus, E. L., & Ackerman, P. L. (1999). Assessing individual differences in knowledge: Knowledge, intelligence, and related traits. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(3), 511–526. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.91.3.511

Wanberg, C. R., Kanfer, R., & Rotundo, M. (1999). Unemployed individuals: Motives, job-search competencies, and job-search constraints as predictors of job seeking and reemployment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(6), 897–910. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.6.897

Ackerman, P. L., & Heggestad, E. D. (1997). Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits. Psychological Bulletin, 121(2), 219–245. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.2.219

Kanfer, R., & Heggestad, E. D. (1997). Motivational traits and skills: A person-centered approach to work motivation. Research In Organizational Behavior, 19, 1-56.

Ackerman, P. L. (1996). A theory of adult intellectual development: Process, personality, interests, and knowledge. Intelligence, 22(2), 227–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(96)90016-1

Schneider, R. J., Ackerman, P. L., & Kanfer, R. (1996). To “act wisely in human relations”: Exploring the dimensions of social competence. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(4), 469–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(96)00084-0

Kanfer, R., Ackerman, P. L., & Heggestad, E. D. (1996). Motivational skills & self-regulation for learning: A trait perspective. Learning and Individual Differences, 8(3), 185-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1041-6080(96)90014-X 

Ackerman, P. L., Kanfer, R., & Goff, M. (1995). Cognitive and noncognitive determinants and consequences of complex skill acquisition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 1(4), 270–304. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.1.4.270

Kanfer, R., Ackerman, P. L., Murtha, T. C., Dugdale, B., & Nelson, L. (1994). Goal setting, conditions of practice, and task performance: A resource allocation perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(6), 826–835. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.6.826

Kanfer, R. (1994). Work motivation: New directions in theory and research. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), Key reviews in managerial psychology: Concepts and research for practice (pp. 1–53). John Wiley & Sons. (Reprinted from “International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 7, 1992, pp. 1–53)

Ackerman, P. L., & Kanfer, R. (1993). Integrating laboratory and field study for improving selection: Development of a battery for predicting air traffic controller success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(3), 413–432. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.3.413

Corno, L., & Kanfer, R. (1993). The role of volition in learning and performance. Review of Research in Education, 19(1), 301-341. https://doi.org/10.2307/1167345 

Ackerman, P. L. (1992). Predicting individual differences in complex skill acquisition: Dynamics of ability determinants. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(5), 598–614. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.77.5.598

Goff, M., & Ackerman, P. L. (1992). Personality-intelligence relations: Assessment of typical intellectual engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(4), 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.84.4.537

Kanfer, R., & Kanfer, F.H. (1991). Goals and self-regulation: Applications of theory to work settings. In M.L. Maehr & P.R Pintrich (Eds.), Advances in Motivation and Achievement (Vol.7, pp 287-326). JAI Press.

Ackerman, P. L. (1990). A correlational analysis of skill specificity: Learning, abilities, and individual differences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(5), 883–901. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.16.5.883

Lind, E. A., Kanfer, R., & Earley, P. C. (1990). Voice, control, and procedural justice: Instrumental and noninstrumental concerns in fairness judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 952–959. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.952

Kanfer, R. (1990). Motivation theory and industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 75–170). Consulting Psychologists Press.

Kanfer, R. (1990). Motivation and individual differences in learning: An integration of developmental, differential and cognitive perspectives. Learning and Individual Differences, 2(2), 221–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/1041-6080(90)90023-A

Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. L. (1989). Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative/aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(4), 657–690. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.4.657

Ackerman, P. L. (1988). Determinants of individual differences during skill acquisition: Cognitive abilities and information processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117(3), 288–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.117.3.288

Ackerman, P. L. (1987). Individual differences in skill learning: An integration of psychometric and information processing perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 102(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.102.1.3

Kanfer, R. (1987). Task-specific motivation: An integrative approach to issues of measurement, mechanisms, processes, and determinants. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 5(2), 237-264. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1987.5.2.237 

Ackerman, P. L. (1986). Individual differences in information processing: An investigation of intellectual abilities and task performance during practice. Intelligence, 10(2), 101–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-2896(86)90010-3

Earley, P. C., & Kanfer, R. (1985). The influence of component participation and role models on goal acceptance, goal satisfaction, and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36(3), 378–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(85)90006-8

Kanfer, R., & Hulin, C. L. (1985). Individual differences in successful job searches following lay-off. Personnel Psychology, 38(4), 835–847. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1985.tb00569.x

Drasgow, F., & Kanfer, R. (1985). Equivalence of psychological measurement in heterogeneous populations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(4), 662–680. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.70.4.662Kanfer, R., & Zeiss, A. M. (1983). Depression, interpersonal standard setting, and judgments of self-efficacy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92(3), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.92.3.319